The impacts of 3D printing on traditional Chinese silk making: Exploring challenges, opportunities and balance of cultural preservation

Abstract

This study critically investigates the opportunities and challenges of applying 3D printing technology in traditional Chinese silk-making, addressing a notable gap in existing literature which has received inadequate research attention. This is achieved through exploring the types of new technologies adopted in traditional Chinese silk production, evaluating the impact of 3D printing, investigating barriers to its adoption and how traditional and modern techniques can be balanced for cultural preservation. This study collected qualitative data via 11 semi-structured interviews with professionals working in silk production plants in Hangzhou, China, utilising a purposive sampling strategy to allow in-depth insights into the current technological practices and perceptions of 3D printing within the targeted Chinese silk production industry.  Research findings revealed extensive adoption of modern technologies in silk production including automated machines, computerised and AI-driven tools, 3D printing, digital inventory systems, robotics, virtual reality for design, inspection and quality control systems, and sustainable technologies, aligning with existing literature on efficiency and quality improvements from automation and digital tools but extended it by focusing on traditional Chinese silk production. Moreover, 3D printing emerged as a transformative tool that enhances the functionality and customisation capabilities of silk fabrics, offering unprecedented customisation opportunities and significant environmental benefits such as reducing material waste and minimising the use of water and chemicals. This study contextualises these benefits within traditional Chinese silk-making, demonstrating that 3D printing supports sustainability goals while enhancing production efficiency. However, significant barriers exist such as high startup and maintenance costs, lack of technical expertise, a steep learning curve and cultural preservation concerns. These factors deter wider adoption, emphasising the need for substantial investment in continuous training and support. Successful integration of modern technologies with traditional methods was achieved through selective adoption and collaboration with traditional artisans, maintaining authenticity and promoting cultural significance. The study's hypotheses were supported, showing that 3D printing enhances functionality, usefulness, efficiency and environmental sustainability in silk production, although significant barriers remain, with appropriate strategies these challenges can be mitigated.